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Knowledge Is Power: Fighting Misinformation, Disinformation, and Junk News

Personal Bias

Comic panel that shows someone searching for truth and finds information they already agree with/believe

  • Bias is a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others, which often results in treating some people unfairly.
  • Explicit bias refers to attitudes and beliefs (positive or negative) that we consciously or deliberately hold and express about a person or group. Explicit and implicit biases can sometimes contradict each other.
  • Implicit bias includes attitudes and beliefs (positive or negative) about other people, ideas, issues, or institutions that occur outside of our conscious awareness and control, which affect our opinions and behavior. Everyone has implicit biases—even people who try to remain objective (e.g., judges and journalists)—that they have developed over a lifetime. However, people can work to combat and change these biases.
  • Confirmation bias, or the selective collection of evidence, is our subconscious tendency to seek and interpret information and other evidence in ways that affirm our existing beliefs, ideas, expectations, and/or hypotheses. Therefore, confirmation bias is both affected by and feeds our implicit biases. It can be most entrenched around beliefs and ideas that we are strongly attached to or that provoke a strong emotional response.

 

Credit: Facing History and Ourselves. Lesson 3: "Confirmation and Other Biases."


 

Cartoon image of a person coming out of a bubble

Image from The New York Times Article "How to Escape Your Political Bubble for a Clearer View"


 

Watch: Defining Confirmation Bias (Facing History and Ourselves)

Fluency effect

"Research on fluency -- the ease of information recall -- and familiarity bias in politics shows that people tend to remember information, or how they feel about it, while forgetting the context within which they encountered it. Moreover, they are more likely to accept familiar information as true. There is thus a risk that repeating false information even in a fact-checking context, may increase an individual's likelihood of accepting it as true."

Credit: Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Schudson, M. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.